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Modern science in Russia began to actively develop in the 18th century; since then, many scientists from Russia have made a number of important discoveries and made significant contributions to world science. According to the US Congressional Research Service, Russia spent $48 billion (PPP) on R&D in 2020, ranking it eighth among countries in the world by this indicator.
Science, as a social institution, arose in Russia under Peter I. In 1724, the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences was opened, where many famous European scientists were invited. Among them were the historian Gerhard Miller and the famous mathematician Leonard Euler, who not only wrote textbooks in Russian, but also became the author of many scientific works in St. Petersburg.
The Soviet period is characterized by centralized management of science. A significant part of the scientists worked in the USSR Academy of Sciences, educational institutions, and industry research institutes. The development of science began not only in Moscow, Leningrad, Kyiv, but also in Novosibirsk, Sverdlovsk, Khabarovsk.
The organizational model of science in Russia was formed in 1917-1930 and was focused on the needs of industrialization. During this period, departmental networks of scientific organizations (People’s Commissariat of Agriculture, Health, etc.) were formed. In 1931, the main types of scientific institutions were established: central research institute, industrial institute at the university, grassroots institutions (factory laboratories, experimental stations), regional institutes. In the period from 1931 to 1955, there was a differentiation of scientific organizations according to the stages of research and development into research, design, design and technological.
For 1992-2018 Three scientists with Russian citizenship became Nobel Prize laureates.
In the period 1995-2005, Russian scientists published 286 thousand scientific articles, which were cited
971.5 thousand times in the world (according to an analysis of publications in 11 thousand scientific journals in the world). At the end of 2005, Russia ranked 8th in the world in terms of the number of published scientific works and 18th place in terms of the frequency of their citation[6]. Moreover, in the period 1999–2003, Russian scientists accounted for 3% of the global number of publications in scientific journals. Thousands of scientists work in Russia with a large volume of international citations (tens and hundreds of references to their works). Physicists, biologists and chemists predominate among them, but economists and representatives of social sciences are almost completely absent.
12% of the world’s scientists live in Russia.
